Bankruptcy led to mutinies. Spanish mercenaries sacked Antwerp at the cost of numerous lives. Regardless religious believe, all Dutch provinces combined their strength against the Spanish forces.
The pacification of Ghent. Regrettably but inevitable Calvinism and Catholicism did not blend. Despite William the Silent’ efforts the alliance did not hold. Nor could he prevent his own assassination.
The 17 provinces got divided by religion. A fact which would turn out to be final till present time. The unions of Arras and Utrecht were formed. Southern Catholics returned loyal under Spanish command.
Northern Calvinist declared themselves independent. By acknowledgement of several European powers, this independence was a first step to what would become the Dutch republic.
A first non-monarchic country in Europe. Divine power of kings. No longer only the divine power of Kings. Once again religion caused dissension. Religion succeed where Spanish forces failed. Resulting in separate unions. Different concerns and benefits. Northern Amsterdam flourished. Southern Antwerp’s decay.
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